5_lang_p

[Excerpt, Five Languages Made Simpler, P. 44]

French, Italian, English, Spanish and German Conjunctions

(Fr-conjonction,f.; It-congiunzione,f.; Sp-conjunción,f.; Gr-die Konjunktion oder das Bindewort)

A conjunction is a word that joins two words or two groups of words in a sentence. They join clauses that could be independent.

Sp.: See p. 142 for more discussion of conjunctions.

Gr.: Only a conjunction can introduce a clause with a subject and a verb. Always use a comma before a conjunction.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

(Fr-coordonée; It-coordinata; Sp-coordenada; Gr-beigeordnet)

They connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank.

It. ex.: Roberto e Giovanni sono fratelli. (Robert and John are brothers.) Roberto ed Andrea sono fratelli. (Robert and Andrew are brothers.) Egli non è francese ma inglese. (He is not French but English.) Egli non viene oggi ma domani. (He is not coming today but tomorrow.)

En. A comma is optional before a coordinating conj., connecting clauses of equal rank. If in doubt, use a comma.

Gr. All conjunctions except aber, denn, oder, und, and sondern change the word order of the following clause by "sending the verb to the end of the clause." See p. 165.

[Excerpt, P. 48]

FrItEnSpGr Articles

An article (Fr-article,m.; It-articolo,m.; Sp-articulo,m.; Gr-der Artikel) is a word that precedes a noun; it indicates the gender (sex) and the number (singular or plural). An article is a type of determinant. Partitive articles may merge with a preposition.

[Excerpt, P. 51-52]

FrItEnSpGr Pronouns

(Fr-pronom,m.; It-pronome,m.; Sp-pronombre,m.; Gr-das Fürwort)

A pronoun is a word that is used to take the place of a noun, or that is used instead of a noun (or another pronoun, an adjective, a preposition, or an idea.) When a pronoun represents a noun or a pronoun, it takes the gender (sex) and number (singular or plural) of that noun or pronoun. Until you have mastered a language, use fewer pronouns. Use a noun for clarity. In FrItEnSpGr the antecedent of a pronoun must be clearly understood, and the pronoun must agree with its antecedent.

Don't use tu (FrItSp) or du (Gr) with any adult unless the informal is clearly acceptable. In Fr. we normally "tutoyez" only friends, family, and animals. Sp. ex.: No me tutea. (Don't use the familiar tu with me.)

Note that in It. some atone pronouns end in -i (mi, ti), while in Sp. they end in -e (me, te). In It. some tonic or stressed pronouns end in -e (me, te), while in Sp. they end in -i (mi, ti).

Some Spanish grammars classify Sp. pronouns as personales, posesivos, indefinidos, and correlativos (demostrivos, relativos, and interrogativos).

[Excerpt, P. 97]

Typical French Conversation

Polite Sayings. Bonjour. (Good morning or afternoon) Bonjour à tous. (Good day, everyone.) Bonsoir, mon petit chou (ma petite). (Good evening, little darling--to a man--a woman) Bonne nuit. (Good evening--night)) Ma chérie, Mon cheri (My darling, fem.,masc.) Comment allez-vouz? (How are you?) Très bien, merci. Et vous? (Very well, thanks. And you?) Pardon. Excusez-moi. (Pardon. Excuse me.) Merci. (Thank you.) De rien. (You are welcome.) Avec plaisir. (With pleasure.) Couchons-nous tout de suite, on partira tõt demain. (Let's go to bed early, we leave early tomorrow.) Avez-vous bien dormi? (Did you sleep well?) Comme ci, comme ça. (So, so.) Oui, j'ai bien dormi. J'ai fait la grasse matinée. (Yes, I slept well. I slept late.)

Greetings and Meetings. Comment allez-vous? Je suis très content de vous voir. (How are you? I'm pleased to see you.) On m'a beaucoup parlé de vous. (I've heard so much about you.) Mon ami, que je suis content de te revoir! (My friend, I'm so glad to see you!) Tiens, vous voilà...Comment ça va, mon cher ami (ma chère amie)? (Oh, there you are! How are you, my dear (to a male--to a female)?) Ca va? (How's it going?) Quoi de neuf? (What's new?) Je vais très bien, merci; et vous? (I'm very well, thank you. And you?) Pas trop mal, merci. (Not too bad, thank you.) Vous connaissez Jean Doe? (Do you know John Doe?) Non, je ne crois pas. (No, I don't believe so.) Puis-je présenter ma femme (mon mari)? (May I present my wife --my husband)?) C'est mon mari. (This is my husband.) C'est ma souer et mon frère. (This is my sister and my brother.) Permettez-moi de me présenter. (Allow me to introduce myself.) Je suis très heureuse de faire votre connaissance, Madame (heureux, Monsieur). (I'm pleased to meet you, Madam (Sir).) Enchantée de vous connaître. (Pleased to meet you.) Avez-vous des enfants? (Do you have children?) Nous avons deux fils. (We have two sons.) Comment va Monsieur...Madame...? (How is Mr....Mrs...?) Il (elle) va trés bien, merci. (He's--she's--very well, thank you.) Il (elle) va assez bien. (He--she--is quite well.) Vous avez mon adresse et mon téléphone? (Do you have my address and my telephone number?) Non, donnez-le moi. (No, give them to me.) Mon adress est..., le code postal est ... et mon numéro de téléphone est ...(My address is ..., my postal code is ..., and my telephone number is ....) J'espere que nous nous recontrerons de noveau. (I hope that we will meet again.) Au revoir. (I'll be seeing you.) Je vous verrai ce soir. (I'll see you this evening.) A demain. (Until tomorrow.) Adieu. (Goodbye.) A bientôt or A plus tard or Tout à l'heure (See you soon.)

Comment vous appelez-vous? (What is your name?) Je m'appelle...(My name is ...) Comment s'appelle-t-il (elle)? (What's his--her--name?) Je ne sais pas. (I don't know.) Le (La) connaissez-vous? (Do you know him--her)?) C'est une jolie jeune fille. (She's a pretty girl.) Elle parle trop avec cet homme. (She talks too much with that man.) Vous êtes jaloux? (Are you jealous?) Pas du tout. (Not at all.) D'où viens-tu? (Where do you come from?--fam.) Où demeurez-vous? (Where do you live?) Où habitez-vous? (Where do you live?) J'habite dans une ville, Lyon. Où habi-tez-vous? (I live in a city, Lyon. Where do you live?) J'aime bien cette ville. J'habite aux Etats-Unis. (I like that city. I live in the United States.) Et comment vont les choses en aux Etats-Unis? (How are things in the United States?) Ça vous a plu? (Do you like it?) Combien de pièces y a-t-il dans votre maison? (How many rooms are there in your house?) Avez-vous mue-blé la maison vous-même? (Did you furnish your house yourself?) Oui. Je suis en train de peignais ma maison. (Yes. I'm in the process of painting my house now.) Pourquoi faites-vous le travail toi-même? (Why are you doing the work yourself?) Voilà de quoi il s'agit: je n'a pas assez de l'argent pour paye à un peintre. (It's like this: I don't have the money to hire a painter.)

Comptez-vous rester longtemps en France? (Do you plan to stay in France a long time?) Etes-vous heureux (heureuse)? (Are you happy?--asked of a man--woman) Que faites-vous? (What do you do?) Je suis un avocat (en la retrait partiellement). (I am an attorney--partially retired.) Je suis chauffeur de taxi. (I'm a taxi dri-ver.) Où travaillez-vous? (Where do you work?) Avez-vous beaucoup travaillé? (Have you worked a great deal?) Quel age avez-vous? (How old are you?) Quel âge as-tu donc? (How old are you, then?--fam.) A quel hôtel descendez-vous? (What hotel are you staying in?)

[Excerpt, P. 117-118]

[Italian Typical Conversation] Do you speak Italian? Comprende l'italiano? (Do you understand Italian?) Non capisco italiano. (I don't understand Italian.) Avete capito? Hai capito? Capisci? (Understand?) Capisco. (I understand.) Lo comprendo ma non lo parlo. (I understand it, but I don't speak it.) Lo leggo ma non lo parlo. (I read it but I don't speak it.) Non lo pronuncio molto bene. (I don't pronounce it very well.) Mi manca la practica. (I lack practice.) Ho bisogno di practica. (I need practice.) Parla l'italiano e l'inglese. (He speaks Italian and English.) Parla lei italiano? (Do you speak Italian?) Un poco. Molto poco. (A little.) Non molto bene. (Not very well.) Io parlo male. (I speak it poorly.) Lei imparerà presto l'italiano. (You'll soon learn Italian.) Parli piano, per favore. (Speak slowly, please.) Per favore, parli più lentamente. (Please, speak a little more slowly.) Per favore, me lo ripeta. (Please, repeat it.) Mi comprende ora? (Do you understand me now?) Che cosa significa in italiano? (What does that mean in Italian?) Che cosa vuol dire? (What do you mean?) Cos'è questo, per favore? (What is this, please?--point to it) Come si dice questo, "please," in italiano? (How do you say "please" in Italian?) Come si scrive questo? (How is this written--spelled?) Per favore, me la scriva. (Please, write it down for me.) L'italiano è facile, non è vero? (Italian is easy, isn't it?) La sua amica parla italiano? (Does your girl friend speak Italian?) Non, la mia amica non parla italiano. (No, my girl friend doesn't speak Italian.) Lei parla italiano molto bene. (You speak Italian very well.) Molte grazie. (Thank you.) Non c'è di che or Prego. (You're welcome.) Che lingue parla? (Which languages do you speak?)

Address and Phone Number. Ha il mio indirizzo? (Do you have my address?) No, me lo dia. (No, let me have it.) Io abito in via Napoli numero... al terzo piano. (I live at ... Naples Street, third floor.) Il mio numero di telèfono è tre otto due quattro due zero. (My telephone number is 382420.) Ecco il mio indirizzo e il mio numero di telèfono. (Here's my address and telephone number.) Qual è il CAP (codeci di avviamento postale)? (What is the postal code?) Non dimentichi il mio numero di telèfono. (Don't forget my telephone number.) Mi telefoni qualche volta. (Phone me sometime.) Quando posso telefonarle? (When can I phone you?) La chiamero dopodamani. (I'll call you the day after tomorrow.) Aspetterò la sua chiamata. (I'll be expecting your call.) La posso chiamare? (May I call you?) Le telefonerò uno di questi giorni. (I'll phone you one of these days.) Perchè non viene a trovarci a casa? (Why don't you come to see us?) Che ne dici? (What do you say?) Due settimani fa, ero già venuto, ma tu non c' eri. (Two weeks ago, I went to see you, but you weren't there.) Verrò a trovari la settimana entrante. (I'll come to visit you next week.) Non dimentichi la sua promessa. (Now don't forget your promise.) Spero di vederla presto. (Hope to see you again.) Molto lieto. (Glad to have met you.) Arrivederci (arrivederla) ad un altro giorno. (Goodbye until another day.--to several persons; to one person) A presto. (See you soon.) A più tardi. (Until later. See you soon.) A venerdi. (Until Friday.) A domani. (Until tomorrow.) Addio. (Goodbye.) Ciao. (Hello. Goodbye.--to friends)

[Excerpt P. 148-149]

[Spanish Typical Conversation] Medical. ¿Se siente Ud. bien? (Are you all right?) Me siento mal. (I don't feel well.) ¿Qué pasa? (What's the [Sp.] matter?) Mira, estoy enferma. (Look, I'm sick.) Lo siento mucho. (I'm sorry.) ¿Qué puedo hacer yo? (What can I do?) Necesito ir a un médico. (I have to see a doctor.) ¿Cuándo es su reunión con el médico? (When is your appointment with the doctor?) ¿Puedo mirar? (May I have a look?) Tengo dolor de cabeza (estómago). (I have a headache (stomach ache).) Ud. tiene una ulcera. Me lo dijo la enfermera. (You have an ulcer. The nurse told me.) ¿Por qué no me lo habías dicho? (Why haven't you told me?) Me duele mi higado. (My liver hurts.) Me duela la pierna. (My leg hurts.) ¿Está rota? (Is it broken?) ¡Llamen, por favor, una ambulancia! (Please call an ambulance!) Tengo una caries que me molesta. (I have a toothache.) ¿Dónde hay un dentista? (Where is there a dentist?) Tengo catarro (la gripe). (I have a cold.) Quiero aspirinas. (I want aspirin.) Tomo esto ahora mismo. (Take this right away.) ¿Con qué frecuencia debe tomarse? (How often should I take it?) ¿Qué dosis debe tomarse?) (What dosage should I take--how much?) Siento dolor aqui. (I have pain here.) Entonces ha de ser ... (Then it must be ... ) Tengo diarrea. (I have diarrhea.) Quizás tiene Ud. un resfriado. (Perhaps you have a cold.) Ud. debe guardar la cama. (You should stay in bed.) Ahora me voy a descansar un rato. (Now I'm going to rest a little.) Ahora está mejor. (Now I'm better.) Poco a poco recuperé la salud. (Little by little I'll regain health.)

Hair. ¿Dónde hay un salón de belleza? (...una peluque-ría?) (Where is a beauty shop? ...a barber shop?) Un corte de pelo, por favor. (A haircut, please.) No demasiado corto...largo. (Not too short...long.) Corte más en los lados...en la parte de arriba. (Cut more off the sides...off the top.) Quiero un lavado de cabello y un peinado. (I want a shampoo and set.) ¿Cuánto tiempo debo esperar? (How long must I wait?) Quiero teñir mi pelo el mismo color (un color más obscuro... un color más claro...) (I want my hair tinted the same color ... a darker color ... a lighter color)

[Excerpt, P. 173, 174]

[German Typical Conversation] Sightseeing. Sie besuchten Sehenswürdigkeiten. (They went sightseeing.) Ich möchte eine Gesellschaftsreisen. (I want a conducted tour.) Wohin fahren Sie heute? (Where are you going today?) Wir möchten das Rat- haus in Hamburg besichtigen. (We want to visit the city hall in Hamburg.) Um wieviel Uhr wird das Museum geöfnet? (schließt?) (At what time does the museum open?--close?) Entschuldigen Sie, bitte. Kann Man hereinkommen? (Excuse me, please. May one come in?)

Die Reise ist ausgebucht. (The trip-tour-flight is fully booked.) Bitte, setzen Sie meinen Name auf die Warteliste. (Please put my name on the waiting list.) Kann ich umbuchen? (May I book you on another trip-tour-flight?) Wir möchten die fünf Tage Pauschalreise, ob die Hotels, das Essen, und der Bus sind eingeschlossen. (We want the 5 day package tour if the hotels, meals, and bus are included.) Alles sind eingeschlossen, auch die Gepäckversicherung. (Everything is included, also the baggage insurance.)

Entertainment. Kommst du mit ins Kino? or Wollen Sie ins Kino gehen? (Do you want to go to the movies?--with me) Möchten Sie gern den Film sehen? (Would you like to see this movie?) Gehst du mit mir ins Theater? (Will you go with me to the theater?) Darf ich du ins Theater einladen? (May I invite you to the theater?) Ja, ich gehe heute abend. (Yes, I'll go this evening.) Ja, daß paßt mir. (Yes, that's good.) Ja, daß geht. (Yes, that's O.K., it goes) Um wieviel Uhr beginnt der Film? (At what time does the movie start?) Wievel kostet es für einen Erwachsen? (How much does it cost for an adult?) Daß ist zu viel. (It's too much.) Zwei Erwachsen, bitte. (Two adults, please.) Ausverkauft. (Sold out.) Warum sagst du kein Wort? (Why are you not saying a word?) Es macht mir Spaß. (I'm having fun.) Es ist komisch (schlecht). (It's funny (bad).) Es ist sehr angenehm. (It's very pleasant.) Es freut mich. (I am glad.) Daß gefällt mir nicht. (I don't like it.) War's schön im Kino? (Was it nice in the theater?--informal) Die Programme im Fernseher sind besser. (im = in dem) (The TV programs are better.)

Ich hole Sie am Laden. (I'll pick you up at the shop--store.) Wir treffen uns um drei. (We're meeting at 3:00.) Ich habe nicht viel Zeit. (I haven't much time.) Ich habe viel zu tun. (I have a lot to do.) Von drei Uhr bis halb zieben Uhr muß Sie verkaufen. (From 3:00 to 6:30 you have to work in the store.) Um neun Uhr muß Sie die Gästern bediennung. (At 9:00 you have to serve the guests.) Jemand fragt nach Ihnen. (Someone is asking for you. You're wanted.) Herzlichen Glück-wunsch zum Geburtstag! (Happy birthday!) Zeit zum Feirern. (It's party time.) Wer kommt mit uns? (Who's coming with us?) Du kommst doch, ja? (You're coming, aren't you?) Sie kommen auch. (They're coming too.) Ich weiß, daß er hier ist. (I know that he is here.) Er ist letzten Montag angekommen. (He arrived last Monday.) Sie kommt nächsten Montag an. (She's arriving next Monday.) Es war ein festlicher Anblick. (It was a festive sight.) Kommen Sie zu uns. (Come over to our place.) Jetzt sind uns dran (daran). (It's our turn.) Wir gehen Hans besuchen. (We're going to John's place). Ach, Brigitte, meine Liebe, du glaubst gar nicht, wie ich mich freue, dich wiederzusehenen. (Ah, Bridget my love, you don't know how glad I am to see you again.) Jetzt verstehe ich. (Now I understand.) Du solltest dein Geld sparen. (You should save your money.) Nächtes Mal sind wir dran. (Next time we will.) Sie wird nächtes Jahr 30. (She'll be 30 next year.) Daß überrascht mich. (That surprises me.) Sie ist nett, nicht? (She's nice, isn't she?) Vielen Dank für das Kompliment. (Thanks for the compliment.) Warum sagen Sie das? (Why do you say that?) Hoffentlich gehen die Gäste bald! (Hopefully the guests will leave soon!) Es kommt darauf an. (That depends.) Ich muß jetzt nach Hause. (I must go home now.) Es ist Zeit, nach Hause zu gehen. (It's time to go home.) Kommen Sie. (Come here.) Gehen Sie schon? (Are you leaving so early?) Kommen Sie bald wieder.(Come again soon.)

Er wurde mit achtzehn Soldat. (He enlisted at 18.) Warum hat er das getan? (Why did he do it?) Ich sehe ihn manchmal. (I see him sometimes.) Das gab er mir als Geschenk. (He gave me that as a present.) Vielleicht klappt es! (I hope it turns out well.)

Fahren Sie Ski? (Do you ski?) Ja, ich fahre gern Ski. (Yes, I like to ski.) Spielen Sie Fußball? (Do you play football (soccer)?) (Na) Klar! (Of course!) Nein, ich spiele nie Fußball. (No, I don't play football.) Wir gehen spazieren. Wiedersehen! (We're going for a walk. Goodbye!) Moment! Ich gehe auch spazieren. (One moment! I'll go also.) Du wartest nicht? (You won't wait?) Kommen Sie so schnell wie möglich. (Come as fast as you can.) Ich bin im Park gewesen.(verb sein; I was in the park.)

Ich kann erst Dienstag kommen. (I can't come until Tuesday.) Ich kann jeden Tag kommen. (I can come every day.) Was haben Sie gestern gemacht? (What did you do yesterday?) Was werden Sie morgen machen ? ...nächste Wohenende? (What will you do tomorrow?... next weekend?) Gehen wir Spazieren? (Shall we go for a walk?) Nein, ich habe jetzt keine Lust. (No, I don't want to now.) Er macht den Abwasch. (He is washing dishes.) Sofort. (Right away.) Beeilen Sie sich. (Hurry up!) Warten Sie auf mich. (Wait for me.) Ich muß fort. (I must be going.) Woher kommst du so spät? (Why are you so late?) Es tut mir leid, daß ich zu spät komme. (I'm sorry to be late.) Es ist keine Eile. (There's no hurry.) Ich habe es nicht eilig. (I'm not in a hurry.) Ich habe genug Zeit. (I have enough time.) Ich bin fertig (bereit). (I'm ready.) Entschuldigen Sie. (Excuse me.) Tut mir leid. (I'm sorry.) Bitte. (Please. You're welcome.) Danke. Danke schön. (Thank you.) Ich bin so frei. (Thank you, if I may.) Gern. (Gladly. With pleasure.) Keine Ursache. (Don't mention it.) Bitte schön. (Not at all.)

Haben Sie Deutschland gern? (Do you like Germany?) Wie lange beabsichtigen Sie, hier zu bleiben? (How long do you intend to stay here?) Ich bin vielmals in Deutschland gewesen. (I've been in Germany many times.) In jedem Fall,lassen Sie mich wissen. (In any case, let me know.) Ich habe keine Zeit. (I don't have time.) Ich kann nicht länger warten.(I can't wait any longer.) Ich muß jetzt gehen. (I must go now.) Gehen wir! (Let's go!) Sie wartet auf die anderen. (She's waiting for the others.) Ich suche shon überall nach euch. (I've been looking for you everywhere.)

CORRECTIONS: A few errors, mostly in German, have been discovered since publication of Five Languages Made Simpler. Any volume shipped by the author will include a sheet listing corrections. .Anyone who bought the book without the sheet of corrections can send an e-mail letter with your name and US or Canada address to the author, weswilson@highstream.net, for a free sheet with the list of corrections and two small paragraphs to paste on.

TABLE OF CONTENTS, FIVE LANGUAGES MADE SIMPLER

Page:

i Introduction

1-11 EnFrItSpGr. numbers, telephone, weather, time, questions, introductions, exclamations, punctuation, accents

9-15 FrItEnSpGr. geography, negatives, capital letters, measurements, gerund, present--past participle, passive--active voice, automobile efficiency km. per L. and M.P.G., CHECKLIST for WRITING, dialogue and quotation marks

15-19 FrItEnSpGr. ADVERBS of manner, time, place, quantity

20-23 FrItEnSpGr. adverbs of negation or interrogation, affirmation or doubt, adverbial expressions

23-29 FrItEnSpGr. ADJECTIVES: descriptive, relative, interrogative

30-33 FrItEnSpGr. demonstrative, indefinite, adjectives of comparison

33-39 FrItEnSpGr. possessive adjectives, of nationality; Gr. adjectives

40-43 FrItEnSpGr. PREPOSITIONS

44-47 FrItEnSpGr. CONJUNCTIONS: coordination, join a subordinate clause, transitional; Gr. conjunctions

47-51 FrItEnSpGr. ARTICLES: definite, Fr. partitif; contractions, indefinite; Gr. art.

51-57 FrItEnSpGr. PRONOUNS: personal, subject, direct and indirect object

56-63 FrItEnSpGr. reflexive, indefinite, demonstrative pronouns; It. interrogative

62-67 FrItEnSpGr. interrogative, possessive, reciprocal, relative pronouns

67-70 FrItEnSp. NOUNS: case, masculine and feminine, forming the plural, augmentatives and dimunitives

69-72 German nouns

73-77 Subject, VERBS, definitions, dir. and ind. objects, unipersonal, the imperative

77,78 FrItEnSpGr. INFINITIVES and endings

78-81 FrItEnSpGr. VERB MOODS and TENSES: past, imperfect, subjunctive, noun clauses, conditional tense, "if clauses," hypotheses, polite requests

82,83 BASIC VERBS CONJUGATED: Fr. avoir, être, It. avere, essere, En. to be, Sp. haber, ser, estar, Gr.sein, haben, werden

84-87 FRENCH VERBS CONJUGATED: regular 1.aimer, 2.finir, 3.partir, recevoir, rendre; and 23 irregular

88-96 FR. GRAMMAR: verbs and notes: verbs conjugated with être, the subjunctive, tenses, conditional, prepositions, expressions and advice, opinions, prefixes, time, pronunciation, typical expressions or idioms

97-103 Fr. typical conversation, model letters

104-106 ITALIAN VERBS CONJUGATED: regular I.portare, II.crédere, III.partire, finire, and 14 regular; irregular; modal dovere, potere, volere

107-116 IT. GRAMMAR: verbs, pronouns, reflexives, prepositions, expressing opinions, hints, time, suffixes, pronunciation, expressions or idioms

116-124 It. typical conversation, model letters

125 ENGLISH VERBS CONJUGATED: to have, to lie, to arrive, to see; En. irregular or strong verbs

126-129 EN. GRAMMAR: case, verbs, tenses, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs, sentence structure, negatives, spelling, pronunciation, writing letters

130-133 SPANISH VERBS CONJUGATED: Regular: I amar, II temer,III partir, existir; and 24 regular-irregular

134-137 Sp. irregular verbs

138-147 SP. GRAMMAR: verbs, moods, and tenses, subjunctive, commands, prepositions, comparisons, hints, expressing opinions, pronunciation, expressions or idioms

147-154 Sp. typical conversation, model letters

155-159 GERMAN VERBS CONJUGATED: "weak" glauben, lieben; modal auxiliaries: konnen, mögen, mussen, wollen, and 12 strong and irregular; list of principal parts of strong verbs

160-170 GR. GRAMMAR: verbs, tenses, subjunctive,verb prefixes, reflexives, usage of verbs, modal particles, suffixes, sentence structure, prepositions, time, miscellaneous, comparisons, expressing opinions, pronunciation, expressions or idioms

171-178 Gr. typical conversation, model letters

179-192 FrItEnSpGr. 800 COMMON VERBS, in alphabetical English order

193-205 FrItEnSpGr.1700 NOUNS: family and relatives; food, drink, eating; housing; travel and transportation;

205-213 FrItEnSpGr. clothes; toilet articles; body and health; business, finance and law;

213-218 FrItEnSpGr. plants, animals, birds, insects, the outdoors; entertainment, pleasures, and sports;

218-223 FrItEnSpGr. religion, post office, education, tools, military, government, time; miscellaneous

224-226 INDEX

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