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MIGRATIONS & WORLD HISTORY . Compiled by Wesley M. Wilson, B.S., M.B.A., J.D., 3/11/07, website www.acurioustraveler.com, author of 8 books. Sources include Wilson’s daily travel journals written in more than 215 countries, Concise History of the World, Nat. Geog., Herodotus The Histories (5th Century BCE), Legg, The Barbar-ians of Asia, The Peoples of the Steppes from 1600 BCE , Encyclopedia Americana. & Timelines of the Ancient World, Smithsonian. The location is the name of today’s country. - 6 million BCE, +/-, hominids develop in Chad, Africa - 1.8 million years ago man reaches Asia, another group reaches Europe 100 million years later . - 250,000 BCE +/-, modern humans, Homo sapiens, emerges in Africa - 120,000 BCE The Sahara gets lots of rain & has many people; more glaciers cause it to begin to become arid around 75,000 BCE. An archeologist, Hans Pachur, believes the Sahara had adequate rain until 4,000 BCE. He blames the loss of plants, caused by animals, for bringing on the desert. Others say the planet tilted slightly, causing the Sahara to face the sun more. - 100,000 BCE modern humans migrate to the Middle East - 75,000 BCE modern humans arrive in Southeast Asia & China - 60,000 BCE modern humans reach Papua New Guinea and Australia by boat - 45,000 BCE the oldest musical instrument, the flute, is used in North Africa. Australia‘s Aborigines begin to draw rock art. Some Aborigines migrate to Tasmania & were isolated for 10,000 years. They were more primitive--they did not have the boomerang or throwing stick (atlatl) & their stone tools were much more primitive. . . - 40,000 BCE modern humans arrive in Europe, living alongside Neanderthals - 35,000 BCE Neanderthals disappear in Europe. Did they interbreed with modern humans? - 33,000-13,000 BCE humans cross the Bering Strait to Alaska, during the last Ice Age - 32,000 BCE humans draw pictures of animals & people, in caves in France & Spain. - 30,000 BCE humans cross a land bridge from Korea to Japan - 24,000 BCE Rock paintings are made in Namibia, Africa - 18,000 BCE Some archeologists believe man from Europe crossed the Atlantic or Arctic, arriving in the eastern US, making Clovis arrowheads - 14,000 BCE humans arrive in South America - 12,000 BCE Jomon hunter gatherers in Japan make the first pottery, with artistic designs. - 10,000 BCE agriculture develops in China’s Yellow River Valley. The dog is domesticated in Israel & Iraq. - 10,000 Worldwide glaciers end, sea levels rise, separating New Guinea-Australia, & Korea-Japan. - 9,000 BCE good quality flint arrowheads & spear points are made by the Clovis culture of the Americas & Europe - 8,000 BCE wheat is cultivated in Central Asia & the Middle East - 7,000 BCE Farming tribes spread from Anatolia (western Turkey) into Greece. Rice is cultivated in southeast Asia. Goats, sheep, & pigs are domesticated in Iran, Syria, & Turkey. - 6,000 BCE Copper smelting & textile manufacture begins in Anatolia (western Turkey ) Cattle are domesticated in the Sahara (which soon becomes dry) & Turkey, cats in NE Africa, & chickens in SE Asia. - 5,000 BCE irrigation agriculture begins in the Middle East, & Egypt, along the Nile - 4,000 BCE Thailand produces the world’s first bronze objects The simple plow is first used in the Middle East & Europe. Horses are domesticated in Kazakhstan,. - 3800 BCE Hagar Qim temples, the world’s oldest above-ground structures, built in Malta. - 3500 BCE The donkey is domesticated in North Africa, Dromedary camels in Arabia, & Bactrian camels in south Asia. Men in southern Babylon, Mesopotamia, invent a form of writing and numbering called cuneiform. Hieroglyphic script appears in Egypt 400 years later. The potter’s wheel & the kiln are invented in Mesopotamia & it has the world’s first city, Uruk. - 3100 BCE Narmer is the first Pharaoh of Upper & Lower Egypt. . - 3,000 BCE The duck is domesticated in SE Asia. Villages along the Indus River of Pakistan & India develop into large cities. By 2,500 BCE Moenjo-daro, Pakistan, was a planned city of 40,000 people, with running water, sewer system, & garbage chutes . The Indus River Civilization disappeared before 1800 BCE, a victim of deforestation & a dryer climate. Clay children’s toys had wheels that turned, like toys in the Americas in 1800 BCE, but adults did not use the wheel in either place. People of New Guinea cultivate yams & taro & domesticate pigs & chickens. Agricultural villages appear in middle-America, cultivating maize (corn), beans, chili peppers, squash, gourds, & avocados, & passage graves are built in the British Isles & from France to Denmark - 2,550 BCE Egypt‘s Pharaoh Khufu builds the Great Pyramid at Giza. Egyptians begin to mummify their dead.50 years later. Peru & Ecuador begin to cultivate cotton - 2,3324 BCE Sargan of Akkad creates the first empire, from Persian Gulf to Syria & the Mediterranean, but adopts the culture of Sumer. . - 2200 BCE Hittites live in Turkey, are invaded by Persians, Greeks, Arabs, & nomadic Turks - 2,000 BCE The Minoans on Crete emerge as a civilization Wheeled plows are used in some parts of Europe. Celts begin to leave the Upper Danube & slowly move west, through France & Spain, reaching Scotland & Ireland as early as the 15th Century BCE. Their priests are Druids; meetings are often held in oak groves. They worship bulls. . The Eskimos or Inuits, from Mongolia & Siberia, crossed the Bering Strait, moved across northern Alaska & Canada, reaching Greenland. In Mongolia only males do throat singing, in Canada’s Arctic, only females do throat singing. The story of the hero Gilgamesh of Uruk, Mesopotamia (the world’s first city) is widely known in western & central Asia. Many of the popular stories were copied by Persia’s Jews in the Bible’s Old Testament. Homer & other Greeks copied part of it in the Iliad, about the Trojan war & the Odyssey, relating the adventures of Odysseus. - 1900 BCE China’s first cities are founded. - 1800 BCE tall blond people move into western China’s Taklamakan Desert, fighting local tall people. I saw many of their well--preserved mummies in Qiemo. Indus River cities & many Mesopotamia cities are abandoned as deforestation causes a dry climate. In Guatemala‘s Kaminal Juyo ruins, I also saw mummies of 1800 BCE. - 1792 BCE Hammurabi of Babylon compiles his code of laws. . - 16th Century BCE people, probably from Taiwan, migrate to Fiji, then go east The Lapita pottery & other goods trade network is formed in the western Pacific. The water buffalo is domesti-cated in China. Most Taiwanese came from China but Taiwan’s “Aborigines” probably came from Malaysia, both much earlier. - 15th Century BCE, Aryans or Indo-Europeans, Iron Culture, leave today’s Uzbekistan & Afghani-stan to invade northern India, defeating the local Bronze-Age people The battle is told in the epic Mahabharata. In Ugarit, Syria, the 30 consonant letters of the world’s first alphabet are inscribed, read left to right, on a stone, now viewed through a magnifying glass in a Damascus museum. - 1,400 BCE China’s Shang dynasty develops a calendar year with 366 days & 12 lunar months In Turkey the Phyrgians replace the Hittites. - 13th Century BCE Lao Tzu founds Taoism in China. - 12th Century BCE Dorians from Albania & Macedonia invade Greece, mixing with the Ionians - 1,000 BCE a mass migration of Germanic peoples from the Caspian Sea area into central Europe begins. Greece begins to use iron. Polynesians reach Tonga. & Samoa. World population is about 50 million. - 10th Century BCE Phoenician & Greek sailors reach Spain. - 800 BCE Celts of the Hallstadt region (central Europe, centered near Salzburg) adopt iron metallurgy & spread it across Europe. Many Slavs have left the region N.E. of the Carpathian Mts. & Belarus, & moved to near Germany’s Elbe River & the Alps. Sargon II of Assyria conquers many cities with a mighty army, they control much of the Middle East & Egypt until being defeated by Babylon in 612 BCE. China’s emperor drives out nomadic tribes, who go west, each tribe driving weaker tribes farther west. - 750 BCE The Phoenician colony of Carthage in North Africa develops into a trade hub - 7th Century BCE, Lydia becomes powerful in western Turkey, is conquered by Persia in 6th Century BCE. Persians, like the later Romans, built roads throughout their empire. Scythia, S.W. of Mongolia, had nomadic warriors, who were chased west by the Massagetae, so the Scythians chased the Cimmerans farther west.& settled in SE Ukraine & eastern Turkey. In the 7th Century BCE Scythians defeated the Medes, & in the 4th Cent-ury BCE they defeated an army of Alexander the Great, Persians, &, later, Romans. Scythian women warriors had a reputation of being sexually aggressive. They had many “husbands,“ who had many “wives.“ They scalped enemies & used their skulls for drinking cups. Scythians were also great goldsmiths. St. Petersburg’s Hermitage Museum has some of their artistic golden animals. Zoroaster (Zarathustra) modified the much older stories of Gilgamesh, to found a fire-worshipping religion, very popular for centuries. Many of its beliefs & practices are still followed by Muslims & Hindus, from India to the Mediterranean. The Bible’s Old Testament copies many of their myths & stories, about the flood, Satan, & Paradise. . - 594 BCE In Greece, Solon, proposes that all free people of Athens be allowed to participate in government . Bengalese Buddhists from northern India arrive in Sri Lanka. Hindu Tamils from southern India arrive 100 years later. The 2 groups have been fighting since then. - 570 BCE Gautama Buddha is born in northern India Confucius is born to the K’ung family in Shantung province, N.E. China., 19 years later. - 500 BCE Many Bantus left Nigeria, slowly moving south & east thru Africa, reaching South Africa by the 17th Century AD, meeting Boers as they moved north from Cape Town. - 5th Century BCE In Spain, sailors & warriors from Carthage drive out Phoenicians & Greeks. Maize (corn) is domesticated & grown in Mexico. - 4th Century BCE Alexander the Great of Macedonia controls Greece, the Persian Empire, & most of western Asia, to India, plus Egypt. Cotton is grown in Mexico. - 3rd Century BCE In Spain, Romans drive out Carthaginians. Parthians, related to the Scythians, controlled the area around the Caspian Sea & Iran from the 3rd Century BCE to the 4th Century AD. I visited their capital, Old Niza, Turkmenistan, in 2001 & 2005 - 2d Century BCE Qanats, still used, are built in China‘s Taklamakan Desert, Iran, Uzbekistan, Oman, Syria, & other dry countries for irrigation: Wells dug at the base of mountains catch water that is led in tunnels to far-away downhill farms.. . - 106 BCE Great Silk Road begins, with an agreement between China’s emperor & the king of Parthia (NE Iran & S. Turkmenistan)..Within centuries, caravansaries are built a day’s journey apart, between Chang’an (Xian), China’s capital, & the Mediterranean. They provide lodging, food, water, & supplies for travelers & their animals. There are 2 routes thru China, & several routes thru some countries. Bandits were bad in some areas, it was safer when Muslims controlled most of the route. China required travelers to register - 4 BCE Jesus is born in Israel, becomes a prophet. & teacher. World population is about 300 million. - 2d Century AD Rome controls all of western Europe south of Scotland, the Rhine & Danube, plus the Middle East, & all of coastal North Africa, plus Egypt. In Bolivia, the Tiahuanaco civilization, which honored the black “weeping god” of fertility, became powerful, ending in the 11th Century. as the Incas arose. In Mexico, Teotihuacan has become a big trading & religious city . - 3rd Century AD Some Polynesians probably left Tonga & Samoa, going east to the Cook Islands & the Marquesas, then Easter Island, & Tahiti. The group that sailed east to Easter Island & Peru, like most Polynesians, brought pigs but they died enroute, chickens survived - 3rd & 4th centuries AD The Vandals, from NE Germany, were somewhat defeated by Romans but they fought thru France, were pushed into Spain by the Franks, & were chased out of Spain, into North Africa by Visigoths. They “vandalized” North Africa, then Rome in 455. . - 350 AD the stirrup is first used, in China. It gradually moved west across Asia with nomadic warriors & reached Hungary by the 8th Century. - 4th & 5th centuries AD, - In India, the Gupta dynasty brought peace & prosperity--the “classical period,” for 200 years Visigoths captured Rome in 410 AD. The Huns, later led by Attila, left the Ural Mts. of Siberia, heading west, pushing the Ostrogoths (eastern Goths) ahead, into France & Spain, & pushing the Visigoths (western Goths) into northern Italy, then France. The Huns were finally defeated by Franks & Romans in France in 451 AD. The Mongol Huns terrorized much of Europe but their leader, Attila, finally died when drunk on one of his many wedding nights, in 453. Huns became weaker. - 5th Century AD The dying Roman Empire is partly replaced by the Byzantine Empire, with headquarters in Constantinople (Istanbul). - 6th Century AD Polynesians from Tahiti reach Hawaii, another group reaches New Zealand--the Maoris. Nomadic Avars left western Kazakhstan, moving west, forcing the Bulgars (of Turkish origin) to north of the Caspian Sea. The Avars took the pasture land of Hungary, forcing the Lombards into northern Italy. The Avars joined with the Persians but the Byzantine navy defeated the Avars. The Avars probably brought the stirrup to Europe, making man & horse a greater fighting machine. The Black Death or plague, spread by fleas on small animals, killed at least 150 million in the Byzantine Empire, from Iran to central Europe. Many towns became ghost towns. - 7th Century AD. Mohammed of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, has visions in a cave, & his friend writes the sayings of Mohammed, which becomes the Koran. I saw the original Koran, hand-written by the friend on parchment in a museum in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Mohammed gets many followers, at sword-point, in the Middle East & North Africa. The Eastern Turks, nomads of Central Asia, who came from eastern Mongolia, invaded western China but they were repulsed by a strong Chinese army & by making the Great Wall stronger. The Chinese emperor had made western China stronger to repulse aggressive Persians & Turks, by inviting tribes such as the Uighur Turks from eastern Mon-golia to live west of & near Kashgar, where the 2 Great Silk Roads meet. However, Persians captured many Chinese prisoners in the 8th Century & from them learned to make silk, competing with China. The Uighurs had been chased out of their homelands by the Khirghiz, from central Siberia, who finally settled in Kyrgyztan. The Western Turks of Turkmenistan conquered the Ephthalites, had conquered & destroyed much of northern India, but stopped when they met the Persians in NW Iran. Also in the 7th Century, Arabs from Saudi Arabia, made strong by the Islamic fervor, moved eastward, stopped by the Eastern Turks in western Uzbekistan. Another group of Arabs carried Islam by sword into Iraq. The Khazars of eastern Ukraine chased back the Arabs. - 8th Century AD The Magyars left the Ural mountains & moved west, settling on Hungary’s plains in 896 AD. They had been nomadic horsemen who terrorized Austria & eastern Europe until they’re pacified with Christianity.. Islamic Arabs conquer-ed most of the Middle East & North Africa & moved into Spain but were stopped by Charles Martel in southern France in 733 AD. In north & central Africa, many black Africans flee, going south or to the interior, to escape Islam & to avoid becoming slaves. The tsetse fly keeps out Arab horsemen. Muslims split: Sunnis & Shi’ites. - 9th & 10th centuries AD The nomadic Seljuk Turks left their home in central Siberia, became Islamic, & moved west & south, conquering everyone. Vikings leave their overcrowded home to explore the British Isles & France. Others settle in Iceland, forming the Althing or parliament, one of the first democracies. Some Vikings settle Greenland, a group founded a colony in New-foundland, Canada around 1,000 AD, now called L‘Anse au Meadows. They apparently quarreled with local Indians & soon left or died.. - 11th Century AD Seljuk Turks & Arabs enter Turkey, threatening the Byzantine empire. The savage Kipchak Turks of central Siberia joined them. Kipchaks conquered the area north & east of the Black Sea. In 1071 Seljuks defeated a Byzan-tine army in Manzikert, Armenia. The Crusades of the 11th thru 13th centuries attempted to stop them & capture Palestine. Many Roman Catholic Crusaders never got to Jerusalem but killed Byzantine Christians & Jews. Ignorant Crusaders learned warfare, math, & science from Muslims. Normans or Vikings left overcrowded Scandinavia to conquer part of France, Ireland, the British Isles, Sicily & southern Italy. Some of them known as Rus, sailed on rivers to Constantinople to trade. A Norman, William, conquered England in 1088. - 12th Century AD. Seljuk Turks had gained control of much of the Byzantine Empire. The Shona tribe of southern Zimbabwe begin construction of Great Zimbabwe. In Mexico & Central America the warlike Toltecs had ended the Mayan cities but Tula, the Toltec capital, is destroyed. - 13th Century AD Genghis Khan united the Mongols, they bribed men at a gate of the Great Wall, & soon conquered China. The Yuan dynasty largely ended in 1368, but Mongolian nomadic horsemen continued to conquer much of Asia & eastern Europe, destroying cities & killing hundreds of thousands. Marco Polo became a friend of Kublai Khan, traveling with his army. The “Golden Horde” also conquered much of Russia. Some Mongols became allies of Turkish nomadic armies. In 1242 the Mongol armies were in Poland & within a few miles of Vienna & the Adriatic Sea, killing & destroying nearly every-thing. They received word that the Khan, Ogedi, had died, & rushed back to Mongolia to support their choice as the new leader of Mongols. In the USA. Southwest the climate became dryer, many large settlements were abandoned. - 14th Century AD, Europe becomes very cold. The Vikings are forced to leave Greenland, it is too cold to grow crops & they have not learned from Inuits how to survive. Timur-the-Lame, or Tammerlane, of Samarkand, Uzbekistan, became the cruel leader of many nomadic horse warriors, capturing & destroying cities from Turkey to India. If a city failed to surrender he buried or burned thousands alive, while destroying all signs of civilization. He attacked & defeated the Ottoman Turks so badly that he delayed by 50 years the Turks’ capture of the Byzantine Empire of Constantinople. Tammerlane also attacked & weakened the Mongol’s Golden Horde, so Russia could later defeat them. When Tammerlane died in 1405 his sons could not keep the empire together. . .The Black Death or bubonic (or pneumonic) plague, beginning in 1348, spread by fleas on rodents, killed about one-third of the people in many European countries. It changed the economies & politics of countries by creating a labor shortage, leading to higher wages & prices, ending feudalism. It had largely ended by 1750. - 15th Century AD Russia’s Ivan III “the Great“ defeated the weakened Mongols in 1480 & became Tsar. In 1453 Ottoman Turks, who had replaced Seljuk Turks, captured Constantinople, the Christian stronghold, by using huge cannon & small boats at night to enter at a weak point of the city wall. Nomadic Turks controlled much of eastern & central Europe for nearly 500 years. Vienna stopped them at Vienna’s city wall in 1529, & they were slowly pushed out of eastern Europe, with the help of Britain, France, & Russia, which conquered much of Turkey’s former terri-tory in the 19th Century. In 1478 Spain’s rulers agreed with the pope to greatly expand the Inquisition, torturing or killing anyone who they thought did not completely obey the pope. Spain tortured or expelled former Jews who had converted to Christianity, & finally expelled the last of the Moors or Muslims in 1498.The skilled ousted Jews were welcomed in Turkish eastern Europe. - 16th Century AD. Many Spanish move to Peru & Mexico, looking for gold, silver, or to use Indian slaves to help grow crops. Spain brings so much gold & silver to Europe that many European countries have inflation. In 1526 in India, Babur, from Afghanistan, founded the Mughul Empire. A successor, Akbar, conquered many regions of India. He respected all religions, was a good administrator, & built many great buildings . - 17th Century, 1618 to 1648, the Thirty Years War, between Roman Catholics & Protestants, devastated much of Europe. The Dutch, then Britain, establish colonies in South Africa. Bantus move south from Zimbabwe & Zambia, They fight - 1650 AD The world has 508 million people, Europe has only 103 million, after the plague; Asia had 292 million. In 1800 world population was 912 million, Europe & Russia had 192 million, Asia had 592 million, & North America had only 6 million. World population is 1 billion in 1804. In 1900 the world had 1,590 million, Europe had 423 million, Asia had 966 million.& North America had 81 million. In 2000 the world had 6.,214 million (nearly 7 times the total 100 years earlier), the US had nearly 300 million, about 4 times the total only 100 years earlier. In 2007 the overcrowded planet has about 6.8 billion, but one-third exist on $2 a day or less. - 18th Century AD Many British & French move into US & Canada. Spanish move to South America & Mexico, looking for gold, silver, & slaves, who are tranquilized by Spanish priests. - 19th Century, 70 million Europeans left 1814-1914, most moved to the Americas. At least 10 million black slaves were brought from Africa to work in the Americas, in cotton, sugar cane, & other crops. In the Caribbean, northern South America, &.Fiji, when black slaves were freed, people are brought from southern Asia to work in sugar cane fields, 1848-49 were years of revolutions in Europe, mostly peaceful. Many people protested against governments, & the conservative agriculture-religious-based economies changed to liberal industrial bases. Austria & Netherlands each got a new constitution & more rights for common people. Switzerland also got a new constitution, limiting the power of conserva-tive Catholic cantons, & prohibiting Swiss from working as mercenaries. In Denmark the king became weaker & parliament was formed. In Prussia or Germany the liberals became more powerful. In Italy an army tried to get independence from Austria, but lost, until 1918. Italy defeated the cruel pope’s army by 1870, but the weakened pope then declared himself “infallible“.& all abortions to be a sin. Many more babies & children died of starvation. Britain repealed the Corn Laws that had made food more expensive & it accepted many Irish, starving after the potato blight.. At least two million starving Irish moved to America or the Liverpool area. In China, a renegade Christian led the T’ai-P’ing Rebellion that killed 20 million Chinese In the late 19th & early 20th centuries. Belgium’s King Leopold II exploited the Congo’s mineral wealth, becoming wealthy, using millions of slaves. - 20th Century: World War I, 1914-18 killed about 9,400,000 on the Allied side & 3,700,000 on the Germany-Austria-Hungary-Bulgaria-Turkey side. It also caused the death of about 12,618,000 civilians & the premature death of millions injured, Flu killed a million. Turks killed a million Armenians in 1915, more died in the desert. Russia’s Revolution caused 5 million to starve, 1921-22. - 1923 Turks led by Attaturk defeat Greece & 1,250,000 Greeks leave Turkey. Saudi Arabia ousts Turks, conservative Wahabis take control. - World War II, 1939-45, killed about 25 million military & 20 million civilians. The Soviet Union lost the most. Many Europeans leave war-torn countries to move to the Americas. .- 1938-45 In the holocaust, Nazis exterminated 4 -6 million, Jews, gypsies, & mentally ill in Europe. - 1947 India gets independence from Britain. Pakistan splits away, India & Pakistan have terrible wars. As Muslims move west into Paki-stan & Hindus move east into India, they kill each other by the hundreds of thousands. - 1950s & 1960s Some 35 African & Asian countries become independent of their European colonizer. Millions leave the former colonies to move to Europe, adding many black or brown-skin people to the former all-white population, A million Turks are guest workers in Germany. - 1962, the US law permitting temporary workers was repealed. The 1994 NAFTA & 2004 CAFTA trade agreements flood Mexico & Central America with cheap US corn & beans, forcing poor farmers to migrate to the U.S.12 million workers including their families then enter & stay in the US illegally. - 1970s Some 200,000 Jews left the Soviet Union, mostly Siberia’s Jewish Oblast, to move to Israel. Many of them took land the Palestinians had for centuries. In Uganda, Idi Amin took power in 1971, killing at least 300,000 of his opponents. Troops from Tanzania drove out Idi Amin in 1979. Uganda had a coup & much guerilla fighting, the Lord’s Resistance Army abducted more than 30,000 children, to serve as soldiers & sex slaves. - 1960s to date, Several million Asians leave war-torn Korea & S.E. Asia for the US & Canada.. - 1985 to date, In Sudan, the majority blacks, Christian & animists, rebelled against the northern government of Arabs, who imposed Islamic law. Many poor African & Asian countries are forced to accept refugees, fleeing from war & starvation. In Cambodia the Khymer Rouge killed 2 million & were still killing when I visited in 1993. - 1994 In Rwanda, the majority Hutus, bullied & dominated for centuries by the tall Tutsis, took revenge, butchering more than a million Tutsis. Many Tutsis & Hutus migrated to Zaire, where they continued to fight, joined by soldiers from many African countries. In nearby Burundi, about 200,000 Hutu were killed in fights with Tutsi. . - 1994 Congo (formerly Zaire) was invaded by Hutus & Tutsis, but troops from many African countries joined the fighting, like vultures at a kill, to get some of Congo’s mineral wealth. THE FUTURE -2015 AD Melting ice from Greenland, Canada, Siberia, & the Antarctic causes sea levels world-wide to rise, inundating many islands & coastal cities. It changes & interrupts the flow of the Gulf Stream, causing Europe & the Eastern U.S.A. to have very cold winters Overcrowding causes many wars & exacerbates contagious diseases, but some back ward politicians & religious people still oppose vaccinations, contraception, & abortions. What_Do_You_Know_About_the_World_p_28.htm |